Sustainable Tourism Law

692 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM LAW environmental 7 . In order to achieve those objectives, numerous conventions, declarations, statements, codes, strategies and other legal and policy documents are adopted under the framework of UN, at the level of EU, national level. The first initiatives towards assembling tourism and the sustainable development objectives within the UN lead into the adoption of Manila Declaration on World Tourism in 1980 8 , and the Acapulco Documents on the Right to Holidays in 1982 9 . Both documents opened the way to a sustainable tourist development model. These documents were followed by the Tourism Bill of Rights and Tourist Code in 1985 10 , The Hague Declaration on Tourism in 1989 11 . The next qualitative step forward was made at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The Conference, inter alia, resulted in the adoption of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 12 and Agenda 21 (Action Plan of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) 13 . Further commitment in this area was affirmed by the adoption of World Charter for Sustainable Tourism in 1995 14 , Berlin Declaration on Biological Diversity and Sustainable Tourism in 7 According to the UNWTO, sustainable tourism can be defined as: “Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities”. Available at: http://sdt.unwto.org/en/content/about-us-5. 8 Available at: https://www.univeur.org/cuebc/downloads/PDF%20carte/65.%20Manila.PDF. 9 Available at: http://www.univeur.org/cuebc/downloads/PDF%20carte/66.%20Acapulco.PDF. 10 Available at: http://www.univeur.org/cuebc/downloads/PDF%20carte/67.%20Sofia.PDF. 11 Available at: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/unwtodeclarations.1989.15.4.1. 12 Available at: http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/RIO_E.PDF. 13 Agenda 21 is divided into 40 chapters that have been grouped into 4 sections: 1) Social and Economic Dimensions (this section is directed toward combating poverty, especially in developing countries, changing consumption patterns, promoting health, achieving a more sustainable population, and sustainable settlement in decision making); 2) Conservation and Management of Resources for Development (includes atmospheric protection, combating deforestation, protecting fragile environments, conservation of biological diversity, control of pollution and the management of biotechnology, and radioactive wastes); 3) Strengthening the Role of Major Groups (includes the roles of children and youth, women, NGOs, local authorities, business and industry, and workers; and strengthening the role of indigenous peoples, their communities, and farmers); 4) Means of Implementation (includes science, technology transfer, education, international institutions and financial mechanisms). Available at: https:// sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf. 14 Adopted at the first World Conference on Sustainable Tourism, which was held in Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain, on 27-28 April 1995. This historic action took place under the auspices of UNESCO, the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the leading associated international organisations and related programmes, such as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the MAB Programme (Man and the Biosphere), the World Heritage Centre, the European Commission and the United Nations Division for Sustainable Development. The conference saw the birth of the term and the concept of Sustainable Tourism, which, along with the Declaration, was a significant shift in the tourism industry and the carrying out of tourism towards more responsible ways of conducting and conceiving this activity. See: http://www.institutoturismoresponsable.com/events/sustainabletourismcharter2015/ wp-content/uploads/2015/06/CharterForSustainableTourism.pdf.