Sustainable Tourism Law

756 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM LAW SDI theme Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Good governance –- Policy coherence and effectiveness Infringement cases Transposition deficit of EU law Openness and participation Citizens’ online interaction with public authorities Economic instruments Environmental taxes compared to labour taxes Source: Adapted from European Union (2013) and Kovacic (2017). Other institutions propose the same method, but with some differences. Instead of levels, they have dimensions, theme and indicators like the UNEP (Table 3). Table 3: Example of some UNEP indicators for green economy policy making Dimension Theme Indicator Environmental Climate change Carbon emission (ton/year) Renewable energy (share of power supply – %) Ecosystem management Forestland (ha) Water stress (%) Land and marine conservation area (ha) Resource efficiency Water productivity (Btu/$) Policy Green investment R&D investment (% of GDP) EGSS investment ($/year) Green fiscal reform Fossil fuel, water and fishery subsidies ($ or %) Fossil fuel taxation ($ or %) Renewable energy incentive ($ or %) Pricing externalities and valuing ecosystem service Carbon price ($/ton) Value of ecosystem services (e.g. water provision) Green procurement Expenditure in sustainable procurement ($/year and %) CO2 and material productivity of government operations (ton/$) Green job skill training Training expenditure ($/year and % of GDP) Number of people trained (person/ year)