Sustainable Tourism Law

FROM TOURISM TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 81 management and other disciplines. For example, Sustainability has expanded to urbanism and the concept of smart cities 97 . It had been written that Sustainable Development requires the “ interaction of three complex systems: the world economy, the global society and the Earth’s physical environment ” 98 . More poetically: “ Sustainable development is a neo-renaissance idea that covers the whole of human endeavour and planetary survival. Who could possibly oppose it? ” 99 . In this framework, Tourismmay play an important role. But tourism alone cannot follow the principles of sustainability if it is not accompanied by, and coordinated with, the other branches of management, economics and human social activities. EU approach to Environmental protection and Sustainability In the same period, the European Union started to draw an environmental policy. The starting point dates back to the year 1972 at the Paris Summit meeting of heads of State and governments of the European Economic Community 100 . One year later, the 1st Environmental Action Programme 1973 was published 101 . In 1992 the European Commission published the Fifth Environmental Action Programme Towards Sustainability. In the Single European Act of 1987, article 25 introduced in the Treaty a new Title (Title VII) dedicated to Environment. The new Article 130 (after art. 191 97 In Italian see Edoardo FERRERO, Le smart cities nell’ordinamento giuridico , in Foro Amministrativo , (Il) 2015, pag. 1267, fasc. 4; Alberto FERRARIS, and Gabriele SANTORO, Come dovrebbero essere sviluppati i progetti di Social Innovation nelle Smart City? Un’analisi Comparativa , in Impresa Progetto – Electronic Journal of Management , Special issue, Vol. 4, 2014, pp.1–15; and, with reference to the connection between smart city and public-private partnership G. TARDIVO, Gabriele SANTORO and Alberto FERRARIS The role of public-private partnerships in developing open social innovation: the case of GoogleGlass4LIS , in World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development , 2017, Vol. 13, Nos. 5/6, pp.580–592. 98 Jeffrey D. SACHS, The Age of Sustainable Development , Columbia University Press, New York, 2015, page 3. 99 Tim O’RIORDAN & Heather VOISEY, The political economy of sustainable development , in Environmental Politics , 1997, page 4. 100 In that occasion, it was declared: “‘economic expansion is not an end in itself: its first aim should be to enable disparities in living conditions to be reduced. It must take place with the participation of all the social partners. It should result in an improvement in the quality of life as well as in standards of living. As befits the genius of Europe, particular attention will be given to intangible values and to protecting the environment so that progress may really be put at the service of mankind’. 101 See the Declaration of the Council of the European Communities and of the representatives of the Governments of the Member States meeting in the Council of 22 November 1973 on the programme of action of the European Communities on the environment. It was stated that: “The aim of a Community environment policy is to improve the setting and quality of life, and the surroundings and living conditions of the peoples of the Community. It must help to bring expansion into the service of man by procuring for him an environment providing the best conditions of life, and reconcile this expansion with the increasingly imperative need to preserve the natural environment“.