Tourism Law in Europe

powers belonging to the territories. The rest can be assumed by the State (for example, the Regional System in Italy in accordance with the current Constitution of 1947). Taking this into consideration, the relationship between the different levels of Administration is based on the principle of competence. Not in terms of hierarchy, which means that the State is not in a relationship of superiority regarding the Communities, as all the Administrations in Spain are on the same level 4 . According to the Spanish Constitution, the distribution of powers regulated in Title VIII is quite particular compared to other countries 5 . In Spain there are two lists of competences, Articles 148 and 149. The latter contains the exclusive powers of the State, which cannot be assumed by the Autonomous Communities. On the other hand, Article 148 contains the powers that the Communities of Article 143 can assume from the beginning, taking into account that after five years this Community can assume all the powers it needs except those indicated in Article 149. In practice, Article 149 SC is unavoidably insufficient to decide whether a jurisdiction belongs to the State or to a Community 6 . Therefore, attention must be paid to the Statute of Autonomy, a law approved by Congress as an Organic Law, as all the powers of the Community are published in the Statute. Let us not forget that the only body in Spain that has the power to decide – in case of conflict – whether the jurisdiction belongs to the State or to a Community is the Constitutional Court, as regulated in Articles 159 et seq . SC and in Law no. 2/1979, of 3 October. The result of this system is that the State has sovereignty, the Communities have political autonomy and the local corporations have administrative autonomy. This means tourism becomes an autonomous competence because it is included in the statutes of autonomy among the matters with exclusive legislative competence 7 . 4 FERNÁNDEZ RODRÍGUEZ, T. R. “El sistema de distribución de competencias entre el Estado y las Comunidades Autónomas”, Revista de Estudios de la Vida Local no. 201, 1979. 5 GARCÍA DE ENTERRÍA, E. Estudios sobre autonomías territoriales , Civitas, Madrid, 1985. 6 GARCÍA DE ENTERRÍA, E. La Constitución como norma y el Tribunal Constitucional , Civitas, Madrid, 2006. 7 PÉREZ GUERRA, R.& CEBALLOS MARTÍN, M. M. “La configuración del derecho del turismo autonómico español en el ordenamiento jurídico administrativo-constitucional”, Revista Aragonesa de Administración Pública no. 35, 2009, pp. 455-518. GALLARDO CASTILLO, M. J. “La distribución constitucional de competencias en materia de turismo y su tratamiento en las Leyes Autonómicas: su promoción y ordenación”, Documentación Administrativa nos. 259-260, 2001. GUILLÉN GALINDO, M. A. “La distribución de competencias en materia turística entre el Estado, las Comunidades Autónomas y las Entidades Locales. Especial referencia a la Comunidad valenciana”, in Actas del I Congreso Universitario de Turismo , Tirant lo