Sustainable Tourism Law

366 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM LAW Risk treatment can involve: – avoiding the risk by deciding not to start or continue with the activity that gives rise to the risk; – taking or increasing risk in order to pursue an opportunity; – removing the source of the risk; – changing the likehood of the risk – changing the consequences; – sharing the risk with another party or parties, including contracts and risk financing; and – retaining the risk after an informed decision. Risk treatments that deal with negative consequences are sometimes referred to as “risk mitigation”, “risk elimination”, “risk prevention” and “risk reduction. Risk treatment can create new risks or modify existing risks. An accepted element of risk means that the participant has a minimum understanding about the risk involved. The English term “likelihood” does not have a direct equivalent in some languages, instead, the equivalent of the term “probability” is often used. However, in English, “probability” is often narrowly interpreted as a mathematical term. Therefore, in risk management terminology, “likelihood” is used with the intent of having the same broad interpretation of the term “probability” in many languages other than English. II. ADVENTURE TOURISM STANDARDS The purpose of adventure tourism standards is to set out the minimum requirements for safety management systems and communication to participants. They are independent entities since they apply to different aspects of adventure tourism. There is an International Standard that specifies how an adventure tourism organization manages its operations in terms of safety; • ISO/TR 21102 provides data on the minimum required competence for adventure tourism activity leaders; • ISO 21103 specifies the minimum information to be communicated to participants and potential participants before, during and after the activity to ensure safety.