Sustainable Tourism Law

496 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM LAW expressions and historical values, reinforcing the relevance of each cultural identity around the world 18 . Moreover, these different and distinctive cultures are profitable to the tourism industry because a significant percentage of tourists want precisely to be in contact with people of different cultures to obtain cultural enrichment. Another point deserving attention is the necessity of effective participation by all stakeholders in the decision-making processes. This element intends to terminate decision-making processes where only a few economic or political groups participate. The goal is having different groups participate, especially local communities, indigenous people, women and disadvantaged groups, to be effective and able to influence the development and management of tourism. The idea of a partnership and cooperation 19 in various levels is another topic to be developed in the context of sustainable tourism. The dialogue between international, national and local stakeholders should be fostered to produce a better tourism product, as well as a more sustainable relationship between tourism sites and the surrounding population. Other specific aspects are also mentioned as objectives of this new Charter. These specific points will be described with reference to each stakeholder. III.2. Sustainable Tourism Stakeholders – Call to Action In this part of the chapter, it will be analysed the indicated actions for each tourism stakeholder and their importance. iii.2.1. Governments and International Organizations Governments and International Organizations (IOs) have important roles related to sustainable development and tourism because they have the capacity to create policies and rules 20 . In this case, these stakeholders have the possibility to elaborate broad policies to be used by other stakeholders. The main idea is to discuss international rules and policies created by international organizations, 18 ASHWORTH, G. J. From history to heritage: from heritage to identity. In: ASHWORTH, G. J.; LARKHAM, P. J. (org.). Building a new heritage: tourism, culture and identity in the new Europe . London: Routledge, 2013. p. 13-22. 19 SCHRIJVER, Nico. The evolution of sustainable development in international law: inception, meaning and status. Recueil des Cours : collected courses of The Hague Academy of International Law. Kluwer Law International: The Hague, v. 329, 2008. p. 379-380. 20 WOODWARD, Barbara K. Global civil society in international lawmaking and global governance: theory and practice . Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2010. p. 214-226.