Wine Law

6 consumers (see Directive 2011/83/EU on consumer contracts and Regulation 2011/1169/EU on food labelling, which will be addressed more extensively later). A more realistic approach within the EU framework of law (at least until today) is the British example. The Consumer Rights Act 2015, although based on European Directives, has been interpreted to emphasise the clearness of contractual terms and information, as has always been in the tradition of Common Law 14 . To summarise the points outlined in this section, it is clear that most regulators in free- market economies agree on the necessity to protect customers by providing them with more information, while simultaneously preventing enterprises and professionals from imposing unjustified burdens to contracts (e.g. by inserting clauses that may cause prejudice to consumers). Nevertheless, there are some specific markets wherein the issue of consumer rights is particularly sensible. One of the most notable examples is the market of food products, which has considerable implications and impacts on the health of customers. Thus, it should not come as a surprise that information on food and beverages has specific regulations. 2. General Rules on Food Labelling in the EU U legislation has always paid particular attention to the issue of customer information. For example, this approach is apparent in some decisions of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) regarding the application of Article 34 TFEU, which stipulates that “ quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between Member States ”. Since free trade and the lifting of trade barriers constitute one of the pillars of the European single market, the ECJ has adopted a particular information paradigm approach, where strict rules regarding certain foods and/or food labelling may be substituted by providing more information to customers 15 . In other words, equivalent measures in the form of obligatory standards are generally discouraged, whereas a more 14 H. C OLLINS , Good Faith in European Contract Law , in Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 1994. 15 See ECJ C120/78 (Cassis de Dijon); ECJ C193/80; ECJ C 261/81; ECJ C 178/84; ECJ C 407/85.