Wine Law

30 stones is a strikingly obvious one). On top of that, various products whose production is relatively influenced by certain human factors associated with an area (and in so being they could fall under the category, if any, of geographical indication) are unduly subsumed into the designation of origin status. The international attempts mirror this confusion, which risks diluting the designations of origin scheme. The scope of geographical designations is regulated in ways far from the desirable uniformity. In Latin America, they have been instituted recently and in ways plagued with dissimilarities, most notably, in relation to scopes. In Argentina and Bolivia, designations are currently confined to agri-food, whereas in other countries such as Peru, Chile or Mexico, they are extended to industrial products and handicrafts 37 . In Brasil — where geographical indications are broken down into indications of origin and designations of origin 38 —, it is stated specifically that both protections might be afforded to both products and services. As to Europe, some member states of the European Union have specific regulations on protection of indications of non-agricultural products. We will also single out the reform in 2014 of the French law through Act No. 2014-344, relative a la consommation , amending the Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle . This Act introduced, alongside a first section, on designations of origin (for which it refers back to the Code de la Consommation ), a second section on “geographical indications that protect industrial products or handicrafts”. These — which are differentiated, I should insist, from the designations of origin in the previous section — are defined as “the designation of a geographical area or place that identifies non-agricultural products, foodstuffs, and those originating from the forest or the sea, displaying a certain quality, standing or other characteristics that may be place” such as “ceramics, fabric, tapestries, marble, embroidery, etc”. Vid . Las denominaciones de origen , Cedecs, Barcelona, 1996, p. 73. 37 MOLINA, M. S. (2015), “La protección de la denominación de origen, indicación geográfica e indicación de procedencia. Estudio comparativo de las legislaciones de los Estados latinoamericanos y español”, Revista Iberoamericana de Viticultura, Agroindustria y Ruralidad , vol. 6, no. 2, p. 48. 38 Pursuant to article 176 of Intellectual Property Act, of 14 May 1996, “a geographical indication shall be either an indication of origin or a designation of origin” (it goes on to define them in exactly the same terms as those used in European law, barring the scope). DE SOUSA BORDA, A. L. (2015), “Denominaciones de origen en Brasil: situación actual. Su desarrollo: jurisprudencia y avances de los productores”, Revista Iberoamericana de Viticultura, Agroindustria y Ruralidad , 2(5), p. 3.